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The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported Wednesday that Republicans’ One Big Beautiful Bill Act will reduce the U.S. population by hundreds of thousands in the coming decade, largely through new measures supporting Donald Trump‘s immigration policies.

By 2035, the CBO projects 320,000 fewer people eligible for Social Security and 280,000 fewer in the noninstitutionalized population, a group excluding those in the military, prisons, or long-term medical care. The agency cautioned that the estimates are “highly uncertain” and dependent on detention capacity and court rulings.

The law allocates $70 billion over four years for U.S. Customs and Border Protection operations, $47 billion for new barriers, $5 billion for facilities, and $4 billion for additional staffing. Between 2026 and 2030, the CBO expects about 290,000 forced removals and 30,000 voluntary departures, with roughly 50,000 people held in detention facilities during 2026–2029.

The bill is also projected to slow population growth. The annual rate is expected to rise by just 0.2 percent, far below the 0.9 percent average from 1975 to 2024. Economists note the slowdown is already affecting job creation, with only 22,000 jobs added in August and 29,000 monthly over the past quarter.

Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell called the labor market “curious,” with both job supply and demand falling. He warned that downside risks to employment remain elevated.

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